Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body’s internal structures. Hydrogen atoms in the body’s water molecules align with the magnetic field; radio wave pulses briefly disturb this alignment, and the energy released as the atoms return to alignment … Read more
Left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) is a surgical procedure that reduces the sympathetic (adrenaline-driven) nerve supply to the heart by removing the lower portion of the left stellate ganglion and the first four thoracic ganglia on the left side. By reducing the heart’s response to adrenaline and catecholamines, LCSD has a powerful antiarrhythmic effect, particularly … Read more
A mechanical device that can be placed outside the body or implanted inside the body. An LVAD does not replace the heart—it “assists” or “helps” it pump oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body