Anatomy

The smooth membrane covering the inside of the heart. The innermost lining of the heart.

A measurement of the rate at which blood is pumped out of a filled ventricle. The normal rate is 50% or more

The blood vessel connecting the aorta with the pulmonary artery before birth. The full name is ‘Ductus Arteriosus’. It usually closes within the early days or weeks after birth. If it remains open after this time it is called a Patent (or Persistent) Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).