A biomarker (biological marker) is a measurable substance, molecule, or characteristic that indicates the presence, severity, or progression of a disease, or the body’s response to a treatment. In cardiac medicine, biomarkers are blood tests that provide objective information about heart function, damage, or risk that would otherwise require more invasive investigation. Troponin (troponin I … Read more
Part of the central nervous system that controls internal organ functions (e.g., blood pressure, respiration, intestinal function, urinary bladder control, perspiration, body temperature). Its actions are mainly involuntary.
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, a tightly regulated biological process by which cells that are damaged, no longer needed, or potentially dangerous are dismantled in an orderly way without triggering inflammation. Unlike necrosis (which is uncontrolled cell death caused by injury or oxygen deprivation), apoptosis is a normal and essential part of … Read more