The jugular veins are the major veins of the neck that return deoxygenated blood from the head and brain to the heart. There are two pairs: the internal jugular veins, which run deep in the neck alongside the carotid arteries and drain blood from the brain, face, and neck; and the external jugular veins, which are more superficial and can be visible on the surface of the neck.
The internal jugular vein is clinically significant as a common site for central venous catheter insertion, allowing the clinical team to monitor central venous pressure and to administer fluids, medicines, and nutrition directly into the venous system. In the intensive care setting after cardiac arrest, a central venous line via the internal jugular vein may be placed as part of critical care management alongside vasopressors, sedation, and other treatments.
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) is a bedside clinical measurement obtained by observing the pulsation of blood in the external jugular vein with the patient semi-reclined at 45 degrees. An elevated JVP indicates raised pressure in the right side of the heart and is an important sign in conditions such as heart failure, pericardial tamponade, and pulmonary hypertension.
The external jugular veins are the most visible veins of the neck and may become more prominent during physical exertion or when venous pressure is elevated. Persistent distension of the jugular veins at rest is abnormal and should be investigated, as it may indicate impaired cardiac filling or right heart dysfunction.
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